PARIS UNIVERSITY

Paris University has been selected by Roberto Amati in relation to the real history of european integration, then enlisted in the UNIVERSITAS category, accompanied by own fact SHEET useful to the comprehension, completed of historical MAPS AND IMAGES or with a direct linking to the related Blog contents dedicated to the entire history of european integration and the future of Europe.

	FOUNDATION
Year	1170 A.D.
City	Paris
Founder	Students
Where	Regna France
Originary subjects	liberal arts , law , medicine , theology , phylosophy

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	NOWADAYS
State	France
Name	University of Paris (Sorbonne Université)
Seates	'new Sorbonne' of Nénot , Pierre and Marie Curie Campus , Orsay Campus, Institute of Art and Archaeology , Clignancourt Centre in Paris city
Degree programs	Health sciences , Science and engineering , Arts and humanities
Library	SorbonNum: the digital heritage of The Sorbonne University Library (BSU)
Collegium	Collegium Musicae
Alumni	Sorbonne University alumni network
Famous teachers	Matthew Paris , Simon de Brion , Fulbert of Chartres , Drogo of Paris , Manegold of Germany , Anselm of Laon , St. Stanislaus of Szczepanów , St. Stephen of Cîteaux , Robert d'Arbrissel , William of Champeaux , Abélard Peter Lombard , Hugh and Richard of St. Victor , St. Bonaventure , François Guizot , Jean-Jacques Ampère , Victor Cousin , Marie Curie , Simone de Beauvoir , Charles Nicolle , Jean-Paul Sartre
Famous scholars	St. Thomas Aquinas , Pope Innocent III , Pope Celestine II , Pope Adrian IV , Otto of Freisingen , Cardinal Conrad of Mainz , St. Thomas of Canterbury , John of Salisbury , John Calvin , Denis Diderot , Voltaire , Honoré de Balzac , Maria Vasillievna Pavlova , Gérard Mourou , Serge Haroche , Françoise Barré-Sinoussi , Luc Montagnier
Awards	33 Nobel Prizes, 6 Fields Medals , 1 Turing Award

Paris University (French: Université de Paris) is among the oldest of Europe, known metonymically as the Sorbonne University, has been the leading university in France from its foundation to 1970 A.D. (except for the period of the French Revolution). Emerging around 1150 A.D. as a corporation associated with the cathedral school of Paris, it was considered the second-oldest university in Europe, then officially chartered by Philip II King of France and recognised in 1215 A.D. by Pope Innocent III, it was nicknamed after its theological College of Sorbonne founded by Robert de Sorbon and chartered by King Louis IX. The nations appeared in the second half of the XII century and were mentioned in the Bull of Pope Honorius III only in 1222 A.D.: later, they formed a distinct body of 4 nations existed with their procurators, their rights (more or less well-defined) and their keen rivalries divided among French, English, Normans, and Picards. After the Hundred Years' War, the English nation was replaced by the Germanic and the new 4 nations constituted the Faculty of arts or letters. The territories covered by the 4 nations were for French nation all the Romance-speaking parts of Europe except those included within the Norman (the ecclesiastical province of Rouen, correspondeding approximately to the Duchy of Normandy) and Picard (the region bishoprics of Beauvais, Noyon, Amiens, Laon, Arras, Thérouanne, Cambrai, Tournai, Liège and Utrecht), for English nation (renamed 'German nation') the British Isles, the Germanic-speaking parts of continental Europe and the Slavic-speaking parts of Europe.

Sorbonne Université Paris came with the appearance of the guild of Parisian teachers and students (universitas magistrorum and scholarium Parisiensis) which competed with the teaching given in the schools of the cloister of Notre-Dame de Paris, on the Île de la Cité. This first 'university' had its own regulations and statutes, was arranged in 4 faculties (liberal arts, law, medicine and theology) and, although it did not really have its own buildings, took root on the left bank of the Seine. To welcome students coming from all over Europe, many colleges were created on the slopes of the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève: the Sorbonne College gained a considerable reputation, contributing to the European influence of the University of Paris whose teaching places linked to the various other faculties were scattered around the same district, as the colleges grew in number, a continuous movement until the 17th century, at which time libraries and lecture halls were created.

That had been the turning point of the physical history of Paris University: having become director of the Sorbonne College in 1622 A.D., Cardinal de Richelieu commissioned the architect Jacques Lemercier to renovate and unite all the disparate buildings that made up the college at that time. Notably, a baroque-inspired domed chapel was created in the heart of the renovated Sorbonne, while in the second half of the 18th century the atheneum set up its headquarters in the premises of the Collège Louis-le-Grand, left unoccupied by the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1762 A.D., but no major project has yet revolutionised the place occupied by the various faculties in the Latin Quarter.

Abolished in 1793 A.D., Paris University was recreated under the French Empire when have been founded the Faculties of Arts and Sciences. However, it was not until the Third Republic of France that the University of Paris began its institutional transformation and that a rationalisation of its space finally took place: a new University of France replaced it with 4 independent faculties of Humanities, Law (later including Economics), Science, Medicine and Theology (definitely closed in 1885 A.D.). The dynamic that led at the end of XIX century to the reorganisation of the faculties spread throughout the country into 'universities' was accompanied in preceding years by a democratisation of the student body, the very gradual access of women to courses, the specialisation of teaching, the creation of research laboratories. It is against this backdrop that the Sorbonne, where teachers had long deplored the 'lack of premises', finally benefitted from an ambitious renovation project under the guidance of the architect Henri-Paul Nénot. In 3 successive building projects and after the demolition of Lemercier's buildings (except for the chapel), the faculties of Arts and Sciences moved into the new Sorbonne, while its Faculty of Medicine remained in a special place having left its medieval location in Rue de la Bûcherie to be relocated on the former Royal School of Surgery.

The specialisation of teaching, through the creation of dedicated chairs, contributes to the development of new disciplines and new fields of research and experimentation. The creation of marine stations attached to the Faculty of Science is an example of this process: Roscoff and Banyuls-sur-Mer marine stations were founded between 1872 and 1882 A.D. by Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers, director of the experimental zoology laboratory at the Sorbonne and a pioneer in marine biology. The structuring of these new Paris University Sorbonne courses was accompanied by the constitution of reference collections intended for study and research, in particular the specimens or samples still preserved today at the Sorbonne University, as well as important libraries.

The first half of XX century was notable for a steady increase in the number of students and the Sorbonne laboratories were at the center of many scientific developments. On Rue Cuvier, in buildings newly assigned to the Faculty of Sciences, Marie Curie continued her work on radium after Pierre Curie's death, culminated in 1911 A.D. in the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. For a long time, the Sorbonne remained the beating heart of the University of Paris but several 'annexes' were built between the wars: Nénot built the Institute of Geography on Rue Saint-Jacques and an Institute of Art and Archaeology, designed by architect Paul Bigot, was built on Rue Michelet, whereas the Institute of Hispanic Studies was inaugurated in 1929 A.D. based on plans by Edouard Lambla de Sarria.

This expansion of Paris University continued after the Second World War with the installation of laboratories of the Faculty of Sciences on the Orsay Campus in 1956 A.D., meantime part of the teaching of the Faculty of Arts was transferred to sites at Censier and Nanterre and the allocation of the Halle aux Vins quadrangle to the Faculty of Sciences, so that it could have tailor-made premises. Work carried out on the Jussieu Campus (now the Pierre and Marie Curie campus), officially launched two years later with the construction of the first bars by Urbain Cassan, which would never really be finished. Edouard Albert took over the project some years later, under the impetus of André Malraux, which led to the creation of the famous 'grid' and the commissioning of numerous works of art produced under the 1% artistic incentive. Today the campus is dominated by an 85-metre high tower, the Zamansky Tower, a nod to the 'historic' Sorbonne astronomy tower.

After the events of May '68, the law on the orientation of higher education (known as the Faure law) granted more autonomy to institutions, with the result of disappearance of the University de Paris as such and the break-up of its faculties: then 13 universities were created, including Paris-Sorbonne University (Paris IV), specialised in literature, arts and humanities, and the University Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC - Paris VI), specialised in science and medicine, while the Faculté de médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière was officially created. The others nowadays are: the Sorbonne University, the Panthéon-Sorbonne University, the Assas University, the Sorbonne Nouvelle University, the Paris Cité University, the PSL University, the Saclay University, the Nanterre University, the Sorbonne Paris North University, the Paris-East Créteil University and the Paris 8 University. The Chancellerie des Universités de Paris inherited the heritage assets of the ancient Paris University, including the Sorbonne building, the brand 'La Sorbonne', the control of the inter-university libraries and the management of the staff of the Paris universities.

Since the early XXI century, Paris-Sorbonne and UPMC have been engaged in academic collaborations which were strengthened in June 2010 A.D. when they joint together into the Pôle de recherche et d'enseignement supérieur (PRES) Sorbonne Universities, became a Communauté d'Universitys et d'établissements (COMUE) in 2015 A.D.. The selection of the 'Sorbonne Universities in Paris for Education and Research' (SUPER) project as an Excellence Initiative (Idex) allowed the 2 universities to carry out many joint projects: on this common history, the presidents of Paris Sorbonne and UPMC proposed to their communities the creation of a new unique, multidisciplinary and world-class university, the Sorbonne University, founded on January 2018 A.D..

The name 'Cité de l'innovation' was not chosen at random: it goes beyond the idea of a simple building to encompass the ambitious and unifying vision of a university focused on innovation and its transfer to society. The 15,000 square-meter building, located in the heart of Paris on the Pierre et Marie Curie Campus, is the cornerstone of the project: it symbolizes Sorbonne University's desire to create a physical meeting place where the university's driving forces (the scientific and student communities and players from the business world) can rub shoulders, exchange ideas and collaborate. Work is progressing at a steady pace and is already visible to all campus users and residents. Designed by the international architectural firms BIG and OXO, the building will house research and development startups spun off from Sorbonne University's research work in an incubator and a nursery. It will also incorporate a business hotel and the Sorbonne University's internal structures for supporting innovation and student entrepreneurship. Sorbonne University’s Cité de l'Innovation will welcome all those involved in innovation and its common spaces will host events linked to science and innovation, open to the entire Sorbonne University community and beyond. But it will also help to showcase the achievements of the atheneum and the structures spread across all Sorbonne University campuses: research laboratories, technology platforms and academic programs.

In a changing world, Sorbonne University has joined forces with 7 main european universities: Charles University in Prague, the University of Warsaw, the University of Heidelberg, the University of Milan, the University of Geneva, Paris Pantheon-Assas University and the University of Copenhagen to create 4EU+ (The European university). Moreover, Paris University students can study abroad for a semester or a year at the partner institutions such as the King's College London and the universities of Warwick, McGill and Toronto.

The Sorbonne University Alliance is made up of 12 members covering all disciplines of humanities, medicine, science and engineering, technology and management: this diversity encourages a global approach to teaching and research, in order to jointly promote access to knowledge for everyone. The 8 associate members of the Sorbonne University Alliance are the Sorbonne University, the Insead, the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (MNHN), the Université de technologie de Compiègne (UTC), the Pôle supérieur d’enseignement artistique Paris Boulogne-Billancourt (PSPBB), the France Education International (anciennement Ciep), the ENSCi-Les Ateliers and the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (Cnam).

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Not far from Paris and ever connected during the whole history of european integration there are 2 others ancient universitas: the Orléans and the Angers universities.

The Université d'Orléans emerged in 1230 A.D. when for a period the doctors of Paris University were scattered and a number of its teachers and disciples took refuge in the County of Orléans: when Pope Boniface VIII promulgated the VI book of the Decretals appointed the doctors of Bologna and the doctors of Orléans to comment upon it. Founded in 1306 A.D. by Pope Clement V, the University of Orléans is then one of the oldest European universities, even if since short after its creation for numerous centuries it has been renowned across Europe: 12 later popes granted the new university many privileges so that at the end of 14th century it had as many as 5,000 students from France, Germany, Lorraine, Burgundy, Champagne, Picardy, Normandy, Touraine, Guyenne and Scotland. The current Orléans University was founded in 1960 A.D., after its medieval predecessor had been closed during the Revolution and merged into the University of France in Paris.

With the creation of a campus in the South of Orléans, it has developed and expanded throughout the 6 administrative departments in the Centre-Val de Loire region. Today, the University of Orléans is composed of 3 main Faculties (Law, Economics and Management -DEG; Science and Technology -ST; Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences -LLSH), 4 Institutes of Technology (IUT), a Faculty of Education (INSPE), a Polytech School of Engineering, an Observatory of the Sciences of the Universe (OSUC) and a University School of Physiotherapy (EUK). It also has recently added a Medical School to its training offer, with the objective of creating a future Faculty of Health Studies. Among the Orléans University teachers are: St. Yves, Robert Joseph Pothier, Michel Cullin and Nikolay Nenovsky. Whereas the most famous students and scholares are: Emo of Friesland, Eustache Deschamps, Oliver King, John Calvin, Molière, William Whittingham, St. Ivo of Kermartin, Thomas Brooke alias Cobham, Charles Perrault, Jacques Pierre Brissot and Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin.

The Université Angers had been founded in 1337 A.D. as a public university in the County of Anjou, with campuses in the civitas, in Cholet and Saumur. Nowadays it is part of the Angers-Le Mans University Community. Initially established during the 11th century as School of Angers, it became known as the University of Angers and was the fifth largest university in France at that time: it existed until 1793 A.D. when all universities in France were closed cause of the Revolution and nearly 2 centuries later it was reestablished in 1971 A.D., after a regrouping of several preexisting higher education establishments.

Today, the University of Angers counts more than 25,000 students across all campuses and is rated the best of France for success rates. It offers bachelors, vocational bachelors, masters and doctoral degrees across its 8 faculties and institutes (Faculty of Tourism and Culture -ESTHUA, Faculty of Health, Faculty of Languages, Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law and Economics, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Business Administration -IAE, Institute of Technology -IUT and Polytech Angers as Engineering school). The Angers University also offers non-degree options, including DAEU diplomas. In its past could enlist many famous alumni like William de Lauder, Nicolas d'Orbellis, Johan de Witt, Pierre Fauchard and Jörg Guido Hülsmann.

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