ROME UNIVERSITY
Rome University has been selected by Roberto Amati in relation to the real history of european integration, then enlisted in the UNIVERSITAS category, accompanied by own fact SHEET useful to the comprehension, completed of historical MAPS AND IMAGES or with a direct linking to the related Blog contents dedicated to the aeternitas and the future of Europe.
| FOUNDATION | |
| Year | 1303 A.D. |
| City | Rome |
| Founder | Pope Boniface VIII |
| Where | Patrimonium Petri (Reich Empire) |
| Originary subjects | archaeology , history , humanities studies , theology , science |
| NOWADAYS | |
| State | Italy |
| Name | University of Rome ('Sapienza' - Università of Rome) |
| Seates | Rome University city , Latina , Rieti |
| Degree programs | any disciplines of Sciences and Humanities Studies |
| Library | Sapienza Library System |
| Collegium | NO |
| Alumni | Noi Sapienza Alumni Association |
| Famous teachers | Bartolomeo Eustachio , Andrea Cesalpino , Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina , Guglielmo Marconi , Enrico Fermi , Giorgio Levi Della Vida , Emilio Gino Segrè , Vito Volterra , Daniel Bovet , Gaetano De Sanctis , Ernesto Buonaiuti , Ennio De Giorgi , Giuseppe Ungaretti , Carlo Rubbia, Franco Modigliani , Augusto Del Noce , Tullio De Mauro , Mario Liverani |
| Famous scholars | Cesare Borgia , Card. Giulio Mazzarino , Nicolaus Copernicus , Evangelista Torricelli , Maria Montessori , Luigi Pirandello , Federico Fellini , Vito Volterra , Gabriele d'Annunzio , Bernardo Bertolucci , Mario Draghi |
| Awards | 10 Nobel Prizes , Italian prime ministers, Pope, E.U. Presidents of the Parliament and Commissioners |
Rome University is among the oldest of West and the biggest universities of Europe! The Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' was founded in 1303 A.D. by Pope Boniface VIII: in the 7 centuries since then it has been at the centre of the history of Rome and the country, starting as an atheneum linked to the Popes, then as an autonomous Studium Urbis, gradually extending its academic prestige to new disciplines, both scientific and humanistic, and moving from its seat in Trastevere to the building in the Sant'Eustachio district and then to current Main Campus.
Pope Boniface VIII clashed with Philip IV king of France and excommunicated him after emanating the Unam Sanctam Bull which confirmed the supremacy of the papacy over all lay rulers: in the same year he issued the In suprema praeminentia dignitatis Bull to open the Rome’s first university, after the already existing Bologna, Padua, Parma, Pavia, Vercelli, Pisa and Naples. At that point in the catholic christianity capital there were only high schools for clergy as the Capitular Lateranense or the Universitas Romanae Curiae, originally founded in Lyon and open to curiae personnel serving the Pontifex, or the Studium generalis in theology, held only by mendicants monk orders. So the Pope opened an high study center for citizens who arrived at the Rome University from around the world, even if the seat was erected outside of the Vatican walls changing the relation between the Civitas Rome and the Roman Church. Boniface wants a laical school open and capable to teach any issues, in particular Canon Law, but some months after he had been arrested by the french king and died in prison.
Eventough the Studium Urbis gradually grew more prestigious: in 1363 A.D. it began to receive a permanent subsidy from the Urbs and some roman clerical aristocratic and soon grew too large for its original site, so that Pope Eugene IV reorganised Rome University appointing 4 administrators to help the Rector and purchased a series of buildings in the area between Piazza Navona and the Pantheon. In XV century the Studium Urbis acquired always more importance and prestige at the point the term Sapientia was used in documents to mean the whole of schools and colleges managed by the Rome University. At the beginning of the 16th Century, Pope Leo X (son of Lorenzo De’ Medici 'said the magnificent', who had empowered the University of Florence) injected new vitality in Rome’s atheneum by hiring prestigious scholars from around Europe and promoting history, humanities, archaeology and science, while it began to introduce new courses of study such as the Simplicia Medicamenta, a forerunner of the Spagyric, a herbal medicine based on alchemical procedures, but also a precursor of holistic medicine. Bartolomeo Eustachio, one of the founders of modern anatomical science, also worked at the Studium Urbis in this period, together with Andrea Cesalpino, the man who demonstrated the circulation of blood and the existence of the centripetal forces that pumpe the blood from the heart to the peripheral blood system.
In 1660 A.D. the Studium Urbis relocated to a new building on Corso Rinascimento and began to be known as Sapienza from the engraving over its main gate: Initium Sapientiae timor Domini. Ten years later Pope Alexander VII founded the Biblioteca Alessandrina on the new premises, meantime papal envoys were dispatched throughout the Near East to acquire manuscripts, volumes and other precious treatises. Rome University received new lymph when Pope Benedict XIV reformed the university’s degree courses and procedures for hiring professors and also introduced new courses such as experimental physics, chemistry and mathematics, bringing the programmes to be 5: Sacred Studies, Law, Medicine and Surgery, Humanities (Arts and Philosophy) and Languages. He also provided the university with all the resources that were necessary to enact the many new reforms.
Blooding the spirit of the French Revolution around Europe, rebels proclamated the Roman Republic and the creation of National Institute for Sciences and Arts made both the university and its degree courses more culturally autonomous, but the new wave did not last long and the lay spirit of Roman students would have to wait until the Revolutions of 1848 A.D., when a battalion of the Sapienza's students fought to defend the rules of Roman Republic from the French troops of Napoleon III. When in 1870 A.D. the Savoy troops occupied Rome and abolished the rule of the papacy, completing the unification of Italy, the Education Minister Terenzio Mamiani, a philosopher and intellectual, gave a new European context to Sapienza University. So, the patriotic spirit that imbued the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries incubated the germs of nationalism and at beginning of the First World War, the Campus witnessed clashes between 'interventionists' and 'internationalists' that forced the Rector to suspend lessons and close the university: the war would leave a profound scar on Rome University life and at the end of the conflict, all of Sapienza’s fallen students received a honorary degree.
In 1931 A.D. the Fascist Regime called all faculties to take an oath of allegiance to the Duce: those who refused would lose their job and only 12 Italian professors out of 1200 had the courage to stand up against the dictatorship, 4 of who worked at Sapienza University. The others were rewarded with the edification of a splendid new campus, the so-called 'città universitaria' designed by Marcello Piacentini, opened in 1935 A.D. and inaugurated with a grandiose ceremony at the presence of the Italian Royal Family. Then professors began to emigrate: Enrico Fermi remained in Rome University until received the Nobel Prize for Physics, while one of his student Emilio Segrè and professor at Sapienza for a decade followed his mentor, as well as the young Law graduate Franco Modigliani, who left for the United States in that epoch. After the Second World War, Italy began a painstaking process of national reconstruction an the professors who had been forced to resign were reintegrated and democratic processes were reinstated for the free election of the rector and other university charges.
The Sixties saw the beginning of a new era: Italy was enjoying an unprecedented economic boom and the country was quickly modernising, the government introduced a wide-ranging series of reforms while the Second Vatican Council veered the Catholic Church towards a real respect of the contribution of science to the progress of Humankind. Rome University remained an extremely conservative environment when suddenly clashes erupted between left and right wing students cause of the 1968 A.D. rebellion: when students and professors occupied the seat of the Sapienza as a form of non-violent protest, for the first time in its history the Rector was forced to resign. It was a period of great hopes and communal participation: the social sciences, which had been constrained by the ideas of Giovanni Gentile, were free welcome new ideas and in next years the Rome University introduced 2 new degree programmes in Psychology and Sociology. Unfortunately the tumults and the fallout between the student movement and the trade unions drew students away from politics, but during the so-called 'Anni di Piombo', Rome University was twice hit by the assassination of illustrious professors: Vittorio Bachelet and Ezio Tarantelli killed by Red Brigades of communists terrorists!
Rector Antonio Ruberti (1976-1987) brought Sapienza to the forefront: Rome University was to play a key role in development of new policy for high studies in Italy and was also responsible for revamping the University’s original name while he later became Italy’s first Minister for University and Scientific Research. Meanwhile, the growth rate of the Sapienza student body led to the creation of two new universities in Rome: Tor Vergata and Roma Tre (read below). The future of the Sapienza begins thanks to its glorious past and the selfless contribution of the entire university community: today it is among the most important universities in the world with primary positions in all international rankings. The reforms that affected the Italian university system at the end of the Nineties led to a strong expansion of its educational offer and its structures: a reorganization process began in 2009 A.D. which led to the adoption of the new Statute and in 2020 A.D. Sapienza elected Antonella Polimeni as first woman to become rector of Rome University in its over 700 years of history. The bad news of this age has been the ephisode of intolerance when the Sapienza in 2008 A.D. refused Pope Benedict XVI Ratzinger to speak its Lecture to the students, a glamorous event because the university had been founded by the popes century before...
Sapienza's School for Advanced Studies offers students enrolled in a degree programme at Rome University (Bachelor's, Master's degree, single-cycle degree, PhD) through a specific admission test: this highly-qualified training pathway complements curricular courses with advanced courses and activities of a disciplinary and interdisciplinary nature. The Sapienza University's Prison Campus (Italian acronym PUP-Sapienza) is an infrastructure of services designated to activities that guarantee the right to education and award university degrees (Bachelor’s Degree, Master’s Degree, PhDs, first and second level Advanced Professional Courses and Specialisation Schools) to inmates and people with restrictions on their personal freedom. Sapienza University's medical research and educational activities are carried out in collaboration with the Umberto I and the Sant’Andrea General Hospitals in Rome (Umberto I 'Policlinico' General Hospital and Sant'Andrea Hospital): Sapienza’s teaching hospitals provide high-quality teaching and research facilities as well as specialised care for patients.
Anthropology, Geology, Art, Anatomy, Botany are documented at the Sapienza Museum Network (Polo Museale Sapienza), an integrated system of 20 world-renowned museums containing a wealth of scientific knowledge, that classified into 5 thematic areas based on their field, methodology and scientific scope. The Sapienza Museum Network aims to help faculties and deparments create a greater awareness and appreciation of our common heritage and make knowledge more easily accessible. Apart from showcasing both permanent and temporary exhibits, Sapienza's museums provide students with the opportunity to keep up to date with the latest developments in a wide range of subjects through research activities, lectures and conferences. Sapienza museums are often open to the public, especially during special events such as the 'Night of the Museums' and the 'Scientific Culture Week'.
At Rome University students can play music with their favourite instruments and sing together with teachers and other students in MuSa (MusicaSapienza orchestras and choirs) where classical, jazz and ethnic orchestras, a blueas band and a big polyphonic choir, works every day. The IUC (Concert University Institution) programme turns the Aula Magna into a stage, where international young talents perform all the latest novelties of classical and jazz music, while the Theatron (Ancient theatre at Sapienza), with its project of translation and staging, allows to revive the unique experience of Greek and Latin classical theatre: its performances are now known all over the world. Mission of the Sapienza Theatre Centre is to promote theatre research and the culture of performing arts: this theatre made history, starting from Eduardo De Filippo’s lectures. At least, listen to RadioSapienza speakers and podcasts: it’s the students’ web radio station, a news, in-depth information and entertainment channel, but also a place where to learn how to do radio. You may become part of its staff to gain experience in the field of editorial work, direction techniques and web communication strategies.
In Rome city are open other 3 universities: the University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma Tre University and University of Rome 'Foro Italico'.
University of Rome Tor Vergata is a public research university located in the southeastern suburb of the Italian capital: it combines liberal arts tradition with emphasis on career orientation in the field of Economics, Engineering, Mathematics and Physics, Natural Sciences, and Medicine. It was established in 1982 A.D. with the goal of providing high-quality education for students preparing to meet the changing needs and opportunities of the workforce, while the campus was designed to reflect the same atmosphere that students would feel on Anglophone campuses. Many professors of this university are important members of the Italian cultural and political environment. Its name takes origin from the 14th-century farmhouse 'Turris Virgata' that was owned by the Roman noble Annibaldi family, whose remains lie beneath Villa Gentile on Campus, where is seated the University Hospital 'Tor Vergata Polyclinic', with state-of-the-art medical equipment. Near the seat of this atheneum there are accommodation facilities owned by the regional organization Lazio DiSCo as well as Campus X, a private company. The innovative City of Sport project, designed by the internationally renowned Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, was an integral part of the city of Rome's bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics and would have hosted the volleyball, gymnastics, trampoline, and basketball finals. The university Rome Tor Vergata is divided into six schools: Economics; Engineering; Humanities; Law; Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences; and Medicine and Surgery. There are 18 departments that, combined, offer 31 PhD programmes and 51 Master's degree programmes.
Roma Tre University is an Italian public research university whose offices and departments are located in the Ostiense district area. Founded in 1992 A.D. by the Ministry of Public Education, under the request of several professors of the Sapienza University of Rome, it was the third public university to be established in the metropolitan area of Rome and the second-largest university of the city by enrollment, one of the largest research-based institutions in the country. One of the milestones for Roma Tre, since its foundation, as well as a guideline for its development, was its incorporation in the surrounding area, characterised by the reclamation of old buildings and school premises, transformed into facilities for study and research. The University Roma Tre has double degree agreements in Law with the University of Murcia, the University of Poitiers and the Nova Southeastern University, menatime international agreements are running with foreign universities, promoting professors, researchers, and students mobility and exchange, such as the University of Brasília, the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, the University of Passo Fundo, the University of Talca and the University of Valparaíso. It also takes part into a series of international university networks that share the task of promoting cooperative activities in diverse fields and seek to create a European area of communal higher education, like the European Network of Universities for the Implementation of the European Landscape Convention, the European University Association, the Institutional Network of the Universities from the Capitals of Europe and the Mediterranean Universities UnionSchools, with the primary objective of the 8 schools of Roma Tre University to define, organise, and connect the academic activities of the degree courses in Architecture, Economics by the Economics Faculty 'Federico Caffè' and Education Sciences.
University of Rome “Foro Italico”, also known as the Italian University of Sports and Movement (Italian: Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie, IUSM), is a public research university located in Rome, the only Italian state university dedicated to sports and movement sciences. It was created in 1998 A.D. when replaced Rome's Istituto Superiore di Educazione Fisica (ISEF), whose activity had been centred on higher education for P.E. teachers: the university extended the institute's scope to cover all the fields of interest arising from man's physical activity as scientific research, coaching for recreational sports and for high-level competitive sports, teaching, fitness and rehabilitation, organization and management of sports events and facilities. It offers a three-year course for a Bachelor of Arts in Sports Sciences, followed by a two-year graduate degree in either Preventive and Adapted Physical Activity or Management of Sports and Physical Activities. The University 'Foro Italico' also offers a two-year European master's degree in Preventive and Adapted Physical Activity organized in co-operation with the Universities of Cologne and of Wien, and a post-graduate programme for physical education teachers. A second European master's degree in Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents, organized in cooperation with the universities of Odense, of Bristol and of Clermont-Ferrand is situated in the "Foro Italico" complex, a huge green area along the banks of the river Tiber at the foot of Monte Mario, Rome's highest hill covered with thick woods. The Foro Italico is the greatest Italian sports complex, a national monument, including indoor and outdoor swimming pools, gyms of many dimensions, tennis courts, two track-and-fields arenas, and the big Olympic Stadium.
Just 3 years after the foundation of Rome University, Pope Clement V founded the Università degli Studi di Perugia, whose facolties of medicine and law were already active since the beginning of XII century financied by the Perugia Commune. The City Statute of 1285 A.D., which provided for the City's promotion and creation of a University, or Studium ut civitas Perusii sapientia valeat elucere et in ea Studium habeatur ("so that the City of Perugia would shine with knowledge and that in it there would be a Studium"), completed the Civitas's public administration already concerned about providing higher education to citizens: evidence of this has been found in the City's archives used by some scholars to cite the real year in which the University was established and displayed on the University's banner.
The original universitas was 'special' in the sense that the degrees awarded were only recognised within the confines of the civitas. It was the responsibility of the City to recruit talented professors, able to attract students because of their fame as teachers. In doing this, the City paved the way for eventual recognition, by the universal authorities (the Pope and the Emperor) of the Studium's degree programs and their validity in all of the territories of the Church and the Emperor. Perugia's first step toward achieving this objective came in the form of the Statute which set out the regulations for the establishment of the new institution. The full achievement of this objective came in 1308 A.D., when the Pope issued Perugia with a document called the Super specula as reconizing for longstanding loyalty and devotion of Perugia to the Holy See. Formal imperial recognition of the University was granted in 1355 A.D. by emperor Charles IV, who was in Rome for his coronation, and awarded Perugia with two diplomas: the first diploma granted the City the permanent right to have a University and the second diploma granted all people, even those from remote places, free access to, and free return home from, the Studium with immunity from all types of reprisal, duty and tax.
In the 14th century, the University offered 2 degree courses: Law and General Arts. Medicine, Philosophy and Logic quickly distinguished themselves from the other Arts although, during the course of the century, they did not succeed in becoming independent faculties. Upon request by the people and the City Council, and at the will of pope Gregory XI, a Theology Faculty is said to have been added in 1371 A.D., but no documents exist that confirm its actual establishment. With its Statute, the City recognised the privilege of those attending the University, or the 'scholars' to be able to associate in 'Universitas', no different than a corporation run by a Rector with the power to supervise all of the members and to ensure that they conduct themselves in accordance with the Statute. Many renowned professors were among the Studium's first teachers as Iacopo da Belviso of Bologna, a legal scholar of undisputed competence and remarkable originality, and his successor Cino dei Sinibuldi of Pistoia, a great poet and legal scholar, whose lectures on legal code and law digest or collection of laws had been attended by Bartolo da Sassoferrato, destined to become the most prominent legal scholar of medieval times. From his school came Baldo degli Ubaldi, another great 14th Century legal scholar emerged, became a Professor in as early as 1348 A.D., a position which he held for thirty years during which time he managed to ever increase the University's reputation by virtue of his wealth of knowledge and his legal insight. In the end, Gentile da Foligno has been the Perugia University's most illustrious professor of medicine, died during the plague which decimated the city, came from Foligno and one of the major scientific figures, fell victim to his insatiable desire for knowledge, which consequently led him to spend too much time with the ill.
In 1306 A.D. the Perugian delegation finally succeeded in obtaining the Papal privilege, generally considered to be the University's founding document that should the University of Perugia's 700 years of life be commemorated. The privilege bestowed by Pope Clement V was followed by that of John XXII and these granted the Perugian Studium the authority to award Doctoral degrees in Civil and Canon law in 1308 A.D. and in Medicine and the Arts in 1321 A.D.. Between the 15th and 18th centuries, the Holy See and the Holy Roman Empire, the two universal authorities, ceased to be the principal reference points for the Perugia University: the Popes, whenever taking initiative regarding the development and the direction of the University of Perugia (an activity to which they dedicated a good deal of time to during the 15th Century), did so as "Papal Sovereigns". One of the most significant 'Signorili' experiences (the Signori were powerful men who took power in various cities, but they were not recognised by the Emperor or the Holy See) for the Studium was that of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, which lasted for 3 years. In 1400 A.D., upon approving the pacts of commitment between the Priori and the ambassador of Milan, the General Council, welcomed the clause stipulating that se degga mantenere lo Studium alla città de Perosia ("Perugia must have a University!"), when Perugia returned under Papal rule, the City and Pope Boniface IX came to an agreement which established quod Studium manuteneri debeat in civitate Perusii cum salaris et expensis consuetis, secundum formam statutorum civitatis.
This was almost the same formula used by Braccio da Montone, who exercised a 'signorile' type of control over the City with strong collaboration from the Pope in order to guarantee the preservation of the University. The definitive transformation of the University took place in 1467 A.D. when Pope Paul II ordered his governors to intervene in the management of the institution, the recruitment of professors and the appointment of chairmanships. The effects of this new situation on the University were profound and, deprived of its autonomy, the University precipitated in crisis: which continued throughout the 16th Century, did not affect teaching at the University, but was limited primarily to its organisation and, by consequence, also to its healthy operation. A radical reform pro directione et gubernio Studii Perusii was finally introduced by Popo Urban VIII and it remained the fundamental law of the University of Perugia for two centuries.New significant evolutions and changes came along during the course of the 18th Century, when radical changes in principals and methods of study, in both the exact and moral sciences, began to manifest themselves along with an irrepressible ambition on the part of the scholars for more freedom of thought and speech.
The Napoleonic, Papal, and Autonomous University: the significant political and social events taking place at the end of the 18th Century and at the beginning of the 19th Century provoked important changes within the University itself, stimulating the reorganisation and the revision of its programmes of study. The University of Perugia, once maintained and managed by local government institutions and protected by the Prince, was replaced during a new era of Papal monarchy that presided over the University. Under Papal authority, the University had limited administrative autonomy as its ruling bodies were directly controlled by the central Papal government in Rome. During this period, the University became a real centre of state culture and in the time immediately preceding 1860 A.D., the old Perugia Studium was rapidly reorganised, and transformed into a modern university. The first reforms were clearly manifestations of the revolutionary climate which existed at the end of the 18th Century. Among the promoters of these reforms were Hannibal Mariotti, Professor of Medical Theory and Anatomy, and perhaps the most representative figure of the political and academic world of that era, and Antonio Brizi, also a Professor at the University. After the Roman Republic experience and then a brief period of control by the Austrian government the University returned under Papal government.
The Papal government immediately provided a 'Plan for the Re-opening of the University of Perugia' which included, the substitution of professors 'affected by French views'. Despite this, the Anatomical-Surgical Academy, along with its surgical theatre was founded: a clear sign that the University was in touch with the new scientific progresses of the day, and the most modern and widespread ways of thinking and learning. With the union of the Papal States and Perugia to the French empire, decreed by Napoleon in May of 1809 A.D., new lines of authority reached the University.The advancements achieved during the Napoleonic period were so significant that the Papal government, reactivated by its reinstatement, decided not to bring about any administrative or academic changes, at least at first, while waiting for a new definite statute. This statute came only with Pope Leo XII, in August 1824 A.D.: a single law that regulated every aspect of university life and applied to all the State's universities. The other episodes during the events that led up to national unity, in 1861, restored the city with an institution ready to grow and to create an environment in which research and teaching would re-bloom. This is evidenced by the establishment of the 'Foundation for Agrarian Education' in 1892 A.D. and the 'Institute of Experimental Agriculture', whose objective was to promote the advancement of agriculture through general research and the education of farmers.
The 19th Century was a period characterised by new achievements and breakthroughs for Umbrian and Perugian culture. This renewed energy was given life by the increasingly steady exchange with other academic centres: several great Professors emerged including Antonio Brizi, scholar of various literary and philosophical subjects, Silvestro Bruschi and Vermiglioli.The passage of the medical and natural sciences from the realm of speculative sciences to that of experimental sciences was demonstrated by the activity of the distinguished doctors including: Hannibal Mariotti and Giuseppe Severini, who closely followed the modern scientific and teaching methods of observation of the ill and also of experimentation; the Pharmacist Annibale Vecchi; the Botanist Domenico Bruschi; the Physicist Bernardo Dessau; and the Chemists Giuseppe Colizzi and Sebastiano Purgotti. Dominating the Perugian literary scene during the Century's first decade was Professor Giuseppe Antinori, an Arcadian and Classicist, while the historical sciences gained unprecedented momentum thanks to Giovan Battista Vermiglioli, Ariodante Fabretti, and Count Giancarlo Conestabile della Staffa.
Individual professors or the student presidents used their own seal, in many cases, adopting that of their family. However, despite the multiplicity of contributing member bodies, the most prevalent one seemed always to be the City; not only because the City had been the founder of the University and had maintained it since its establishment, but above all, because the University, in every period, was considered a 'creature' of the City, a source of pride and fame: given this, the University chose, Saint Herculan, the patron of Perugia, as its symbol. Then, in the 17th Century, the University adopted the grifo or griffin (a mythological creature that is half eagle and half lion) symbol of excellence as its coat of arms: the grifo was portrayed as standing on its hind legs, holding a book, symbol of the University, and a laurel branch, symbol of the university degree. Since then, the grifo has been present in all of the University's coat of arms, albeit with small alterations made in accordance with the times, up until the crowned grifo holding a fascio littorio, (a symbol composed of a bail of straw and an axe; this symbol was usually displayed by the Roman Emperor upon returning to Rome after victory in battle and then was later adopted by the Italian Fascist party) with the larger symbol of the Savoia family above. In 1925 A.D., the Ministry of Public Education ordered that all Italian universities have a seal displaying their respective coat of arms, therefore, also in Perugia, the work of deciding upon a seal commenced. Professor Luigi Tarulli was entrusted with the task of conducting historical research whilst the graphic production of was the responsibility of Professor Alberto Iraci.
Among the Perugia University eminent teachers were: Luca Pacioli (father of accounting), Jacobus de Belviso, Johannes Andreas, Cino da Pistoia, Bartolus de Saxoferrato, Baldus de Ubaldis (jurist, his figure is represented on all diploma certificates), Gentile da Foligno, Albericus Gentilis (founder of the science of international law), Pope Sixtus IV, Annibale Mariotti, Annibale Vecchi, Domenico Bruschi, Bernardo Dessau and Giuseppe Antinori (arcadian and classicist). While have been students the popes Nicholas IV, Gregory XI, Innocent VII, Martin V, Pius III, Julius II, Julius III, Urban VII, Gregory XIV, Clement VIII and Paul V, Ruggero Oddi, Michaëlle Jean (former Governor General of Canada and current Secretary-General of La Francophonie) and Pier Paolo Pandolfi.
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