ELIZABETH I

Elizabeth I has been selected by Roberto Amati in relation to the real history of european integration, then enlisted in the People, Dates, Places and Events category, accompanied by own fact SHEET useful to the comprehension, completed of historical MAPS AND IMAGES or with a direct linking to the related Blog contents dedicated to the entire history of european integration and the future of Europe.

Queen Elizabeth I of England is one of the most important people in whole history of european integration and will probably have influence on the future of United Europe, because she had been the most certain politician in substaining the religious Protest in XVI century A.D. and completed the separation of the Anglican Church, still in force nowadays, while she was facing Scotland to join in the United Kingdom, an event happened in 1707 A.D..

Elizabeth I was a member of the Tudor dinasty as daughter of the king Henry VIII and his second wife, Anna Bolena (a courtesan lover of the king), married after the divorce from Caterina of the royal dinasty of Trastamara ruling Castile and Aragona, that provoked a serious crisis with the Roman Church and with the new emperor Charles V for the reason that the pretension of the english king was to not have had a male son: indeed, from the first marrying was born Mary I who ascended the throne after his father. When Henry had Elizabeth I considered that also the second wife was inable in giving him a male son and made her beheaded! After her, the king married Anna of Cleve who gave him the desiderd male child, but even he divorced and in the end the had six wives...

When king Henry VIII asked for divorce but recived the refuse of the Pope and even of the christian emperor, for ancient traditional conventions and legal reasons, he opened a great crisis within the Ecclesiae Christiana and obtained the positive pronouncement by the Parliament and the subsequent decision of the english bishops to leave the Roman catholic church and found the independent Anglican Church under the rule of the english king. But when he died, Queen Mary I restored catholicism, in accordance with his husband Philippe II king of Spain and killed hundreds of protestants so to receive the nickname of "Mary the bloody", beginning the long english civil war continued along the "glorious revolution" until the end of XVII century A.D.! Even if during the ruling of Elizabeth I (1558-1603 A.D.) the situation became "international" within the Religious War that burned the whole Europa until the general Peace of Westfalia in 1648 A.D..

So Elizabeth I assumed the title of "protector of the Anglican Church" and imposed to all english people the Common Prayer Book (1562 d.C.) containing the articles of calvinist faith emerged in Geneva during the Protest: as a result, the Pope immediately escomunicated her and moved Spain to war (became the new Defensor fidei with Charles V) against England and France, in alliance with the catholic Scotland ruled since centuries by the Stuart (read this article). The scottish Queen Maria Stuart (married to the "most catholic" frech king Francis II) proclamed herself paladin of the british traditions and began the challenge to Elizabeth I for supremacy in Britain, ended with her dead (beheaded!) by the english queen who however passed the English throne to the son of her rival, Jacob, who personally ruled both countries and started the new royal english dinasty of Stuart. Meantime, the war against Spain finished after the glamorous naval victoty on the invasion tentative by the spanish forces (Envincible Armada, 1578 d.C.), that guarantedd to Englang the supremacy in the Atlantic Ocean for centuries!

Elizabeth I became leader of the anticlerical Protest over all Europe as head of the Anglican Church and immortal king, having introcuded in the english royal theology the conception "duplex natura" established at the First Nicean Council and the neoplatonic gnostic "demise" justification to transfer his throne to Jacob in 1603 A.D., because she had decided to not marry nor have children. In the fight against Scotland, she allied to presbiterians of the protestant "Kirk", founded by the calvinist Knox rebelled against the royal dinasty, and to the calvinists of the Netherland's independentist movement headed by William I of Nassau-Orange dinasty. The strong entente between London and Amsterdam changed the international relations not only in Europe but the whole Earth since nowadays, in alliance with the protestant european genelagies of Sassonia-Coburgo-Gotha, Hessen, Hanover and Hohenzollern. Elizabeth I represented the turning point of the english history since the epoch of King Arthur and influenced directly the history of european integration until 1945 A.D. and over.

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