THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

The glorious revolution has been selected by Roberto Amati in relation to the real history of european integration, then enlisted in the People, Dates, Places and Events category, accompanied by own fact SHEET useful to the comprehension, completed of historical MAPS AND IMAGES or with a direct linking to the related Blog contents dedicated to the entire history of european integration and the future of Europe.

The glorious revolution in England is one of the most important event in whole history of european integration and will probably have influence on the future of United Europe, because it brough many changings still in force everywhere in Europe in political, economic and religious field, starting the Modern Age dominated by a new phylosofical paradigma based on ancient ideas from outside the continent.

Everything began with the Tudor royal english dinasty, in partiular with the Queen Elizabeth I who sanctioned the definitive breaking of the Anglican Church from the ancient Roman Church by following the roots of the british Christianity inspired by Saint Patrick since V century A.D. and even before by the legends around Joseph of Arimatee and the Graal Order, became famous all over Europe at the epoch of King Arthur. That conflict interweaved the equally ancient questions of the supremacy among the Britons and Celts, living since ever in Ireland, Scotland and England, and the Anglosaxons and Danes who invaded the archipelago in V century A.D. and after in XI century A.D., together with following warriors and nobles became the new ruling elite.

Why this title? Because the "glorious revolution" had been the first people revolt against the established kingdom power that had success in the history of european integration: it had been the end of a long war led and won by O.Cromwell against the king Charles I), who successively held the power as a dictator" in style ancient Rome (see Julius Caesar), after having beheaded the head of the royal dinasty of Tudor defeated and arrested (like had happened to his grandmother Maria Stuarda!), then settle for less with the new king, the son Charles II Stuart, and restored the monarchy after ten years of chaos. The causes of the glorious revolution are many but the main nad been the irreconciliable religious conflict between the protestants and the catholics parties, definitely ended in 1707 A.D. with the "Union Act" of the United Kingdom with millions of catholics escaped to the American colonies, where one century after rebelled against the motherland and founded the United States...

The second reason was political and economic: the british protestants who in XVI century A.D. substained the Queen Elizabeth I were members of the emerging bourgeois class made of english and scottish barons, merchants and bankers that were interested in the maritime tradings with the "new" Western colonies discovered in 1492 A.D. and the rest of the Earth than the traditional landlords, who defended the royal rights and their privileges! So the people movements exploded in 1689 A.D. and claimed for the "common good" (Commonwealth), also following the phylosofical ideas of Thomas Aquinas, and a deep reform of the state to guarantee their rights: their requests brough England to the "constitutional monarchy" (a new form of stare even described in ancient times by Aristotle), even if the english kingdom never had a written constitution but just the Magna Charta of 1215 A.D., the reform acts of Tudor kings and the ancient conventions and "common laws" coming from the ancient royal traditions began with king Egberth in 800 A.D.. At the end of the glorious revolution the Parliament obtained more powers, in particular about the state balance, while the citizenships had their civil rights recognized and became the "general sovereign" of the kingdom ("Leviathan").

But that long crisis was far to be closed: indeed, after the deal of Cromwell and Charles II that produced the institution of the 2 parties system of "Whig&Tory" in Parliament, in representation of the reformist and conservative political forces in the country (that still today compose the elective House of Commons!), the new king Jacob II (broher of Charles II) reopened the fight keeping for traditionally catholics class and restored the previous situation, until the threat of invasion by his son-in-law and nepew William III of Nassau-Orange dinasty that convinced the king to resign and leave him and his daughter Mary II. They ruled together the kingdoms of England, Scotland and the Netherlands in the regime of "pro religious protestant, pro free Parliament", validating the new institutional asset defined by the Parliament in the name of religious freedom and tolerance ("Declatation of rights", "Bill of rights", "Tolerance act").

The conclusion of the glorious revolution had been a substantial transfer of the political power from the ancient aristocracy to the new economic class related with the free masonry and the protestant parties, emerged both in England and Netherlands in XVII century A.D. in particular after the Peace of Westfalia of 1648 A.D., and associated to the briton baptiste and evangelist churches, inspired by the scottish puritanism and the jewish communities, even not accepted within the reformed Anglican church. Since than England and Netherlands leaded the strategic conflict against the french king Louis XIV and for supremacy in the global maritime tradings, thanks to the introduction of the "international sea right" (still in force nowadays!) that copied the ancient "admiralty law"of the Republic of Venice and of the Ius Publicum Europeum, over the traditional roman christian Ius Gentium.

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